Judith Bell- the review of the literature
Summary: Bell defined “literature review “, “theory” and “theoretical framework” by referencing the definitions of others. She critiqued and did reviews on the short extracts from 3 successful literature reviews, and provided a “review of the literature” checklist at the end.
-Hart thinks lit review important because without it will not acquire understanding of the topic of what has already been done on it, how it was researched, what the key issues are. “The review is a part of academic development, of becoming an expert in the field.”
-critical review of literature: involves questioning assumptions, querying claims made for which no evidence has been provided, considering the findings of one researcher compared to those of others and evaluating. All researchers collect many facts, but then must select, organize and classify findings into a coherent pattern.
-theoretical framework: explanatory device which explains graphically or in narrative form, the main things to be studied – the key factors, construct, and the presumed relationships among them
Clara Nai: provide you some background to the problem of institutional barriers and also to the way Clara grouped her findings
Gilbert Fan: gives you an idea of how he approached his task on the decline in student enrolment; produced a complex but good review and good thesis
Richardson+Woodley: what good is that the language they used, the care they take in drawing conclusions from the research findings and the way some of the findings are qualified
Reviewing the 3 reviews:
Richardson+Woodley: had extensive knowledge of topic before they undertook the work, able to produce exhaustive review of previous studies
Clara and Gilbert: knew great deal about issues and identified topic of interest very early but did not have advantage of a firm knowledge base about previous research, sufficient for only a brief literature
Review of the literature checklist:
1. Evidence of reading will always be required in any research.
2. Researchers collect many facts but then must select, organize and classify findings into a
coherent pattern.
3. Your framework will not only provide a map of how the research will be conducted and
analysed but it will also give you ideas about a structure for your review.
4. Literature reviews should be succinct and, as far as is possible in a small study, should
give a picture of the state of knowledge and of major questions in your topic area.
5. Ensure that all references are complete. Note the page numbers of any quotations and
paraphrases of good ideas. You cannot use them without acknowledging the source. If
you do, you may become involved in a plagiarism challenge.
6. Watch your language. Perhaps inferences may be drawn, but ‘proof’ is hard to come by
when dealing with human beings.
7. Examine your sources critically before you decide to use them.
8. Remember that unless you are comparing like with like, you can make no claims for
comparability.
9. Do not be tempted to leave out any reports of research merely because they differ from
your own findings.
10. Start the first draft of your review early in your reading. Many more drafts will be
required before you have a coherent and ‘critical’ account but better to start small and
then build on your first attempt than to have to make sense of everything you have read
at one attempt.
Eric Alterman- Out of print
Summary: Death and life of American newspaper: Newspapers are dying because of the emergence of internet. Not many people want to read plain old newspapers. Huffington Post created an internet-based news site and it came back “alive”. Ironically, the internet is going to save newspaper companies, if they can fully embrace it.
- few believe that newspapers in their current printed form will survive. Newspaper companies are losing advertisers, readers, market value
- trends in circulation and advertising, rise of the Internet made the daily newspaper look slow and unresponsive; newspapers have created Web sites that benefit from the growth of online advertising, but the sums are not nearly enough to replace the loss in revenue from circulation and print ads.
- the advent of Craigslist, which is wiping out classified advertising- have created a sense of doom
- rather than compete in an era of merciless transformation, the families that owned the Los Angeles Times and the Wall Street Journal sold off the majority of their holdings
- 19% of Americans between 18-34 claim to even look at newspaper(least preferred source for news)
- average age of the American newspaper reader is 55^
- public trust in newspapers is slipping, less than 1 in 5 believe what they read; nearly 9 in 10 thinks the media consciously seek to influence public policies
-Today’s consumers “want news on demand, continuously updated”, want a point of view about not just what happened but why it happened, able to use the information in a larger community- to talk about, to debate, to question, meet people who think about the world in similar or different ways.
- news is a shared enterprise between its producer and its consumer
- Internet-based news site is alive in a way that is impossible for paper and ink. Huffington Post took advantage of their community and created new way of thinking and presenting the news: vast majority of the stories that it features originate elsewhere> editors link to whatever they believe to be the best story on a given topic> repurpose it with a catchy, often liberal-leaning headline> provide a comment section beneath it where readers can chime in
- Huffington editorial process: using mullet strategy (argue and vent on the secondary pages, but professional editors keep the front page looking sharp
- newspapers are dying: the evidence of diminishment in economic vitality, editorial quality, depth, personnel, and the over-all number of papers
Stacy Schiff - Know it all
- Summary: to show the origin of Wikipedia from 2001's progress to current time. The author stressed the point that Wikipedia is not a reliable source because it can be edited by a 5 year old.
- Wikipedia provides so much more content than Britannica when searching for keywords : If you typed "women" on Britannica and typing "coffee preparation” on Wikipedia we can see the big difference (lists espresso machines which you will want to consult before buying.)
- Wikipedia: search word for the whole layout; Britannica only one-fourth of layout, rest of the page are ads
-Wiki is easy to use because when you type in a keyword in the search bar, Wikipedia lists the matches from most relevant to irrelevant; Britannica gives you a list of options to choose from, has more ads and buttons
- Wikipedia has history and additional related topic to the search word, unlike Britannica, which only shows a brief definition of the word.
-Wiki is to Brit as rock and roll is to easy listening- Wiki may not be as smooth, but it scares the parents and is a lot smarter at the end because as like Brit, Wiki is a combination of manifesto and reference work